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[弓武樂舞之道] [转帖]河北东周铜剑初论

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发表于 2006-1-31 02:39:37 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<P align=center><B>河北东周铜剑初论</B><B><FONT face="Times New Roman">*

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<P align=center>徐海峰

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<P align=center>文物春秋<FONT face="Times New Roman">, 2003</FONT>年第<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>期<FONT face="Times New Roman">, </FONT>研究与探索

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<P><FONT face="Times New Roman">        *</FONT>本文所言河北专指现今河北行政区域,不含京津地区;铜剑专指中原地区该时期流行的青铜剑,不包括属北方青铜文化系统的各式青铜短剑。</P>
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<P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>【关键词】青铜剑;类型学分析;分期与年代;渊源</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>【摘<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>要】对河北省域迄今为止已公布的考古发掘出土的青铜剑,运用类型学的方法进行分期和断代,并探讨其渊源关系。将诸青铜剑分为三型:<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>型,又进一步细分为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ba</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bb</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bc</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ca</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cc</FONT>型。将各型剑划分为五段四期:春秋晚期、春秋战国之际至战国早期、战国中期、战国晚期。其<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>型剑倾向于源出柳叶形剑,<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>型剑可能是<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>型剑的改进或演化产物,<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>型剑可能是本地区列国文化与吴越文化交融的产物。诸剑分属燕文化、赵文化和中山文化系统。</FONT></P>
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<P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>建国以来,河北东周时期考古取得世人瞩目的成就,燕下都、赵都邯郸城、中山灵寿城三大著名都城城址,在中国东周城市考古中占有举足轻重的地位,而各类墓葬的发掘,又为河北东周考古增添了珍贵的资料。在东周诸多考古遗存中<FONT face="Times New Roman">[1]</FONT>,适于步卒交手格斗和骑兵越野击刺的青铜剑颇具特征。</FONT></P><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>河北省域迄今经考古发掘出土的青铜剑共57件[2],依出土时间分别为:唐山贾各庄9件[3],邢台南大汪1件[4],邢台东董村9件(公布4件)[5],邯郸百家村6件(公布3件)[6],行唐李家庄1件[7],易县燕下都4件[8],唐县北城子4件[9],三河大唐迥、双村1件[10],滦平虎什哈炮台山3件[11],平山三汲灵寿故城址一带5件(以下简称三汲)[12],新乐中同村1件[13],临城中羊泉1件[14],迁西大黑汀7件(公布5件)[15],邢台葛家庄1件[16],灵寿岗北4件及灵寿青廉、平山访驾庄、中七汲等多件[17]。本文拟在已有研究的基础上,对刊布的诸青铜剑及相关问题作一论证,以就教于方家。
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-1-31 2:54:42编辑过]

 楼主| 发表于 2006-1-31 02:40:09 | 显示全部楼层
<P align=center center? TEXT-ALIGN: 0pt; 0cm><B>一、类型学分析

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<P 0pt; 0cm 10.5pt? mso-char-indent-size: 2.0; mso-char-indent-count: 21pt; TEXT-INDENT:><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>关于铜剑的类型学考察,在《建国以来商周青铜器的发现与研究》<FONT face="Times New Roman">[18]</FONT>、《洛阳中州路西工段)》<FONT face="Times New Roman">[19]</FONT>、《东周式铜剑初论》<FONT face="Times New Roman">[20]</FONT>、《中原地区东周铜剑渊源试探》<FONT face="Times New Roman">[21]</FONT>等文章中,均作了科学的分类,诸发掘报告编写者亦对其进行了类、型、式的分析。纵览各家之言,除对专业术语的运用有些差异外,不外乎以剑身、剑茎的形态异同及格、首、箍的有无为甄别依据。本文亦依此为据,将上述河北已公布的青铜剑分为三型。</P>
<P 0cm 0pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>青铜剑除格、首、茎外,剑身均作窄叶形,中有突起的脊,剑锋多锐利,个别略圆钝。</P>
<P 0cm 0pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>A</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>无首无格,共<FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT>件。依茎断面形态分为三亚型。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Aa</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>扁菱形茎,<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>件。其中南大汪<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">34</FONT>),大唐迥、双村<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(双村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>出土<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>),东董村<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M66</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>),三汲<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8003:2</FONT>),北城子<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2</FONT>出土),燕下都西贯城<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>号居址<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">XG9T13</FONT>④<FONT face="Times New Roman">M13:5</FONT>),燕下都虚粮冢<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>号墓<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">XLM8CHMK</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">17-1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">XLM8CHMK</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">17-2</FONT>),葛家庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M10</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">114</FONT>),岗北<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Ab</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>扁方形茎,<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>件。其中贾各庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M5:11</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8:1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M16:20</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M18:22,</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M21:1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M24:4</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M28:31</FONT>),李家庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">1 </FONT>件<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(土坑墓出土),三汲<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8101:7</FONT>),北城子<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>出土),大黑汀<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M5:5</FONT>)。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Ac</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>扁圆形茎,<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>件。其中虎什哈炮台山<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(两座土坑墓出土),大黑汀<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M6</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>),燕下都辛庄头墓区<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">XZHM30</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">57</FONT>),北城子<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2</FONT>出土)。</P>
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图一:A型铜剑
<a href="http://www.tianhan.com.cn/bbs/UploadFile/2006-1/200613124739290.jpg" target="_blank" ><IMG src="http://www.tianhan.com.cn/bbs/UploadFile/2006-1/200613124739290.jpg" border=0></A>
1。长安张家坡M206出土的柳叶形剑
2。双村M1
3。东董村M66:9
4。葛家庄M10:114
5。三汲M8003:2
6.大黑汀 M5:5
7.三汲 M8101:7
8.大黑汀 M1:6
9.大黑汀M6:1
(2-5为Aa型,6-7为Ab型,8-9为Ac型)</P>
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<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>B</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>无首有格<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>件。依格形态分为三亚型。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Ba</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>窄平条形格,<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>件。其中中同村<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>),百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M15</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>),三汲<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8101</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>)。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Bb</B></FONT><B>型<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></B>宽平条形格,<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件。其中北城子<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1 </FONT>出土),虎什哈炮台山<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M6</FONT>出土)。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Bc</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>曲条形格,<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件。大黑汀<FONT face="Times New Roman">M01</FONT>出土。</P>
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<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>C</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>有首有格,<FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT>件。依茎形态及茎箍有无分为三亚型。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Ca</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>圆首,实圆茎,有箍,<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>件。其中虎什哈炮台山<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1</FONT>件(土坑墓出土),东董村<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M134</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>),贾各庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M16</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT>),百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M20</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>),岗北<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M108</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M152</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M174</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">1)</FONT>。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Cb</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>圆首,圆形銎茎,<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>件。其中东董村<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M13</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M94</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT>)、贾各庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M15:8</FONT>),三汲<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8012:10</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>号遗址<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件),中羊泉<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M:389</FONT>)。
<FONT face="Times New Roman">        <B>Cc</B></FONT><B>型</B><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>圆首,圆茎,无箍,无銎,<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件。其中百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M57:49</FONT>),大黑汀<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1:7</FONT>)。</P>
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图二<FONT face="Times New Roman"> B</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>型铜剑
<a href="http://www.tianhan.com.cn/bbs/UploadFile/2006-1/200613124849272.jpg" target="_blank" ><IMG src="http://www.tianhan.com.cn/bbs/UploadFile/2006-1/200613124849272.jpg" border=0></A><FONT face="Times New Roman">
1. </FONT>百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M15:1   
2. </FONT>中同村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2:10  
3. </FONT>大黑汀<FONT face="Times New Roman">M01
</FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman">4. </FONT>虎什哈炮台山<FONT face="Times New Roman">M6:1  
5. </FONT>东董村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M13:16
</FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman">6. </FONT>三汲<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8012:10  
7. </FONT>中羊泉<FONT face="Times New Roman">M389   
8. </FONT>东董村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M134:1
</FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman">9. </FONT>百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M20:6  
10. </FONT>大黑汀<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1:7
</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ba</FONT>型,<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bc</FONT>型,<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bb</FONT>型,<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 5~7</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>型,<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型,<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cc</FONT>型<FONT face="Times New Roman">)

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<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>通过以上分型显而易见,<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>型剑居最多,约占<FONT face="Times New Roman">55%</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>型剑次之,约占<FONT face="Times New Roman">32%</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>型剑最少,约占<FONT face="Times New Roman">13%</FONT>。就地域而言,集中于燕山南北地区及太行山东麓山前平原地带。</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-1-31 3:04:14编辑过]

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-1-31 02:40:48 | 显示全部楼层
<P align=center center? TEXT-ALIGN: 0pt; 0cm><B>二、分期与年代

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<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>据各型剑伴出器物的演变规律,对诸型剑的相对年代可作一分析。南大汪<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型),原报告定为战国中期,似不妥。据同出的兽耳铜方壶及鼎、豆形制分析,应为春秋晚期风格,此剑亦是诸剑中迄今发现最早者。百家村战国墓,原报告笼统定为战国中期,高明、朱凤瀚先生均对其<FONT face="Times New Roman">M57</FONT>随葬品进行了深入分析<FONT face="Times New Roman">[22]</FONT>,将之定为春秋战国之际或战国早期偏早阶段,故而<FONT face="Times New Roman">M57:49</FONT>剑(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cc</FONT>型)应属于此阶段。而<FONT face="Times New Roman">M20</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca </FONT>型剑),其共出的戟,援细长上扬、内上翘、长胡多有穿等特征,为战国早期风格。贾各庄诸墓,林寿晋、朱凤瀚先生均对其重新检视<FONT face="Times New Roman">[23]</FONT>,认为年代范围在春秋晚期至战国早期,本文从之。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>北城子<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2</FONT>出土铜剑(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>型),因未公布线图,仅从照片观察,其代表性器物附耳鼎与洛阳中州路<FONT face="Times New Roman"> M2717:89 </FONT>鼎<FONT face="Times New Roman">[24]</FONT>、山西长子牛家坡<FONT face="Times New Roman">M7:2</FONT>鼎相近<FONT face="Times New Roman">[25]</FONT>,双环耳细高柄豆则与中同村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1:1</FONT>豆<FONT face="Times New Roman">[26]</FONT>、燕下都<FONT face="Times New Roman">M31:3</FONT>豆颇相似<FONT face="Times New Roman">[27]</FONT>,分体唯柱足稍高外,余均同于百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M57:1[28]</FONT>,综上,将其归为春秋战国之际;中同村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ba</FONT>型剑),其同出的附耳鼎(<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2:3</FONT>)又与上述同类型鼎相近,故亦属同一时期。虎什哈炮台山<FONT face="Times New Roman">M6</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bb</FONT>型剑),其敦形制与长治分水岭<FONT face="Times New Roman"> M126</FONT>出土之敦相仿<FONT face="Times New Roman">[29]</FONT>,而同出的有捉手陶盖豆也是战国早期风格,因之该剑属战国早期;两座土坑墓可资比较的器物较少,若从有捉手陶盖豆、有胡铜戈看,显示出较多春秋晚期至战国早期特色,故将其(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型剑)定为战国早期偏早阶段。而葛家庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">M10</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa </FONT>型),正如报告作者所言<FONT face="Times New Roman">[30]</FONT>,未出土青铜礼器及陶器,单从鸟篆文铜戈及器物纹样推定为春秋战国之际,当无疑义。双村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa </FONT>型剑)同出的矩尺形纽盖鼎、鸟首形纽盖鼎、有捉手细高柄盖鼎与燕下都<FONT face="Times New Roman">M31</FONT>出土的同类器物极为相近,故此,依原报告为战国早期。同样,李家庄(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)、三汲<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8101</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab </FONT>型)出土铜剑,皆从原报告所定为战国早期。</P>
<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>大黑汀有铜剑的<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>座墓,<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>出土有鼎、豆、壶、敦及铜戈等,如原报告所云与北京通县中赵甫墓出土的同类器物相近<FONT face="Times New Roman">[31]</FONT>,尤其细长蹄足纽细长柄盖豆与燕下都东斗城<FONT face="Times New Roman">M29:3</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M16:71</FONT>仿铜陶盖豆如出一辙<FONT face="Times New Roman">[32]</FONT>,而铜礼器无疑是仿铜礼器的祖型,综合学者的研究,将其剑<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cc</FONT>型)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>定为战国早期;<FONT face="Times New Roman">M5</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)剑依同出的戈,归其为战国早期;<FONT face="Times New Roman">M6</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M01</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bc</FONT>型)剑无参照对象,暂咸从原报告,年代下限不晚于战国中期。东董村<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>座墓(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>及<FONT face="Times New Roman"> Cb</FONT>型<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件)据伴出陶器分析,不早于战国中期或战国中期偏晚阶段。燕下都<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>件青铜剑,均从原报告所定,除西贯城<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>号居址<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型)<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>属战国中期外,余<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>型<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1 </FONT>件)皆属战国晚期。三汲出土的<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>件青铜剑,亦从原报告,<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8101</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ba </FONT>型各<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>件)属战国早期,<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8003(Aa</FONT>型<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8012</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>型<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件)属战国中晚期。而中羊泉<FONT face="Times New Roman">M389</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>型)、百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M15</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ba</FONT>型)因无伴出器物比照,也从原报告所定为战国中期。</P>
<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>如上所述,可将诸型剑分为五段:第一段,春秋晚期,包括南大汪<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1:34</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型)。第二段,春秋战国之际,包括贾各庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8:1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型),百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M57:49</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cc</FONT>型),北城子<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>型),虎什哈炮台山<FONT face="Times New Roman">M6:1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bb</FONT>型)、土坑墓出土的<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型),中同村<FONT face="Times New Roman"> M2:10</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ba</FONT>型)和葛家庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">M10:114</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型)。第三段,战国早期,包括百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M20:6</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型),双村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型),贾各庄<FONT face="Times New Roman">M5:11</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M15:8</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M16:15</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M16:20 </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M21:1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M24:4</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M28:31</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型),三汲<FONT face="Times New Roman"> M8101:7</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8101:12</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ba</FONT>型),李家庄(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)及大黑汀<FONT face="Times New Roman"> M1:6</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M1:7</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cc</FONT>型),岗北<FONT face="Times New Roman">M2</FONT>:<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型)。第四段,战国中期,包括百家村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M15:1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ba</FONT>型),东董村<FONT face="Times New Roman">M13:16</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M66:9</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M94:15</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M134:1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型),燕下都西贯城<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>号居址<FONT face="Times New Roman">XG9T13</FONT>④<FONT face="Times New Roman">M13:5</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型),中羊泉<FONT face="Times New Roman">M389</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>型),大黑汀<FONT face="Times New Roman">M01</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bc</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M5:5</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ab</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M6:1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>型)。第五段,战国晚期,包括虚粮冢<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8CHMK:17-1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8CHMK:17-2</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型),辛庄头<FONT face="Times New Roman">XZHM30:57</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ac</FONT>型),三汲<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8003:2</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Aa</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M8012:10</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Cb</FONT>型)及岗北<FONT face="Times New Roman">M108:1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M152:8</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型)、<FONT face="Times New Roman">M174:1</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ca</FONT>型)。</P>
<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>从东周考古的一般分期考察,将第二段、第三段合并为一期,以上五段则为四期。即第一段:春秋晚期;第二、三段:春秋战国之际至战国早期;第四段:战国中期;第五段:战国晚期。</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-1-31 2:56:47编辑过]

 楼主| 发表于 2006-1-31 02:41:13 | 显示全部楼层
<P align=center center? TEXT-ALIGN: 0pt; 0cm><B>三、渊源

</B>
<p>
<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>通过以上论述可看出,河北境内东周时期至春秋晚期方出现青铜剑,且为个案孤例,到战国早期青铜剑骤增,直至战国晚期始终未曾间断,<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>剑占绝对多数,这也是中原地区主要的一类剑。各型剑于四期中均有包含,尚难判定其早晚或彼此递嬗关系,但第一期、第二期中<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>型剑明显偏多,第三、四期中<FONT face="Times New Roman"> B</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>型剑略居多却是不争的事实,这抑或说明<FONT face="Times New Roman">A </FONT>型剑较之其它型剑略早?因无更为可靠有力的证据,恐难断言它们之间的关系,其或并行不悖发展、各有渊源,或有所承袭、渐次演进。就中原地区东周时期而言,铜剑发现并不丰富,而华中、华东却屡有发现。以无首、无格、扁茎为特征的<FONT face="Times New Roman"> A</FONT>型剑溯源而上,与发现于我国西北地区西周早期的柳叶形扁茎剑最为相近,目前学界愈来愈倾向于<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>型剑源于柳叶形剑。<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>型剑,增加了起护手作用的格,茎趋向圆实,剑身渐长,较之<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>型剑合理性、实用性加强,显然是一种进步,<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>型剑有可能是<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>型剑的改进或演化产物。<FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT>型剑是众剑中形态最为成熟完美的一类,学者多认为源出吴越文化区。《汉书·地理志》载“吴越之君尚勇,故其民好用剑”。自古吴越出名剑,中原地区的山西原平峙峪曾出土吴王光剑<FONT face="Times New Roman">[33]</FONT>,河南淮阳平粮台出土越王剑等<FONT face="Times New Roman">[34]</FONT>,河北境内该类型剑亦可能是本地区列国文化与吴越文化交融的产物。</P>
<P 0cm 0pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">
<p></FONT>
<p>
<P align=center center? TEXT-ALIGN: 0pt; 0cm><B>四、余论
<p></B>
<p>
<P 0cm 0pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>中原地区东周时期,尤其春秋中期至战国伊始,随着周王朝天下共主地位的渐失,列国日渐强盛,其文化也异彩纷呈。以现今河北省域考察,当时偏居北部及东北部的七雄之一<FONT face="Times New Roman">----</FONT>燕国,傲立南部的“万乘之国”赵国及夹处于二者之间的“千乘之国”中山国,分别以其负载的燕文化、赵文化、鲜虞中山文化而盛极一时。</P>
<P 0cm 0pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>考诸剑之文化归属,属于燕文化的有贾各庄、大唐迥双村、大黑汀、虎什哈炮台山、燕下都等地出土的铜剑;属赵文化圈的有南大汪、百家村、中羊泉、东董村及葛家庄等处出土之剑;属中山文化区的则包括中同村、李家庄、北城子、三汲、岗北、青廉、访驾庄、中七汲等地出土之剑。而无论是燕、赵,还是中山,诸列国文化均归中原文化范畴。燕虽位处燕山之野,国境东北有林胡、楼烦以及其它土著游牧部落,且过从甚频,但其仍为姬周文化的分支;赵地文化源出三晋,三晋文化则是中原文化的核心之一;而中山文化,虽早期有较多少数民族特色,但中晚期已趋同于中原文化。诸剑所依附的燕、赵、中山国,其青铜文化既有共性,也有自身特色,燕国、中山国表现最为突出。铜剑作为一种青铜物质文化遗存,虽远不如青铜礼器、容器所展现的文化属性明显,但也初露端倪,同样反映出文化的些许性征,如燕下都有方格形暗纹装饰剑身之剑,三汲有蟠蛇纠结纹茎铜剑等。燕、赵、中山列国文化,在中原青铜文化体系中,既有同宗同源的统一性,又有个性鲜明的多样性,在广阔的历史地理环境中,是东方、中原与北方交流的通道和桥梁。</P>
<P 0pt; 0cm TEXT-INDENT: 21pt?><FONT face="Times New Roman">        </FONT>作为适应战事应运而生的青铜剑,在河北东周青铜物质文化中所占比重虽极少,但对于研究其所处时代的政治、军事乃至青铜文化内涵无疑是一个切入点。随着考古工作的深入,以期更多的青铜剑面世,对于探究其在河北的渊源、流布及文化属性将大有裨益。</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-1-31 2:58:11编辑过]

 楼主| 发表于 2006-1-31 02:41:49 | 显示全部楼层
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt">——————————————————————</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [1]</FONT>依《中国历史年代简表》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT>年版,东周时期绝对年代为:春秋时期公元前<FONT face="Times New Roman">770~476</FONT>年;战国时期公元前<FONT face="Times New Roman">475~221</FONT>年。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [2]</FONT>不包括采集和征集的。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [3]</FONT>安志敏:《河北省唐山市贾各庄发掘报告》,《考古学报》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1953</FONT>年第<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>册。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [4]</FONT>河北省文化局文物工作队:《河北邢台南大汪村战国墓简报》,《考古》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [5]</FONT>河北省文化局文物工作队:《邢台战国墓发掘报告》,内部资料,<FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT>年。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [6][28]</FONT>河北省文化局文物工作队:《河北邯郸百家村战国墓》,《考古》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [7]</FONT>郑绍宗:《行唐县李家庄发现战国铜器》,《文物》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1963</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [8]</FONT>河北省文物研究所:《燕下都》,文物出版社,<FONT face="Times New Roman">1996</FONT>年。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [9]</FONT>郑绍宗:《唐县南伏城及北城子出土周代青铜器》,《文物春秋》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1991</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">[10]</FONT>廊坊地区文物管理所、三河县文化馆:《河北三河大唐迥、双村战国墓》,《考古》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1987</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">[11]</FONT>河北省文物研究所、承德地区文化局、滦平县文物管理所:《滦平县虎什哈炮台山山戎墓地的发现》,《文物资料丛刊》(<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>)。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [12]</FONT>河北省文物研究所:《河北平山三汲古城调查与墓葬发掘》,《考古学集刊》第五集。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [13]</FONT>河北省文物研究所:《河北新乐中同村发现战国墓》,《文物》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1985</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [14]</FONT>临城县文化局:《河北临城县中羊泉东周墓》,《考古》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1990</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [15]</FONT>顾铁山、郭景斌:《河北省迁西县大黑汀战国墓》,《文物》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1996</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [16]</FONT>河北省文物研究所、邢台市文物管理处:《河北邢台市葛家庄<FONT face="Times New Roman"> (10</FONT>号墓的发掘<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>,《考古》<FONT face="Times New Roman">2001</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [17]</FONT>灵寿岗北、青廉及平山访驾庄、中七汲战汉墓地是于<FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT>年为配合朔黄铁路工程而发掘的,发掘资料尚在整理中,报告待刊。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [18]</FONT>高明:《建国以来商周青铜器的发现与研究》,《文物》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [19]</FONT>中国科学院考古研究所:《洛阳中州路(西工段)》,科学出版社,<FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT>年。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [20]</FONT>林寿晋:《东周式铜剑初论》,《考古学报》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">[21]</FONT>李伯谦:《中原地区东周铜剑渊源试探》,《中国青铜文化结构体系研究》,科学出版社,<FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT>年。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [22]</FONT>高明:《中原地区东周时代青铜礼器研究》(上、中、下),《考古与文物》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1981</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>期;朱凤瀚:《古代中国青铜器》,南开大学出版社,<FONT face="Times New Roman">1995</FONT>年。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [23]</FONT>同<FONT face="Times New Roman">[20][22]</FONT>。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [25]</FONT>山西省考古研究所:《山西长子县东周墓》,《考古学报》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1984</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [26]</FONT>石家庄地区文物管理所:《河北新乐县中同村战国墓》,《考古》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1984</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [27][32]</FONT>河北省文化局文物工作队:《<FONT face="Times New Roman">1964</FONT>—<FONT face="Times New Roman">1965</FONT>年燕下都墓葬发掘报告》,《考古》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1965</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [29]</FONT>边成修:《山西长治分水岭<FONT face="Times New Roman">126</FONT>号墓发掘简报》,《文物》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1972</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [31]</FONT>程长新:《北京市通县中赵甫出土一组战国青铜器》,《考古》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1985</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [33]</FONT>戴遵德:《原平峙峪出土的东周铜器》,《文物》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1972</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">    [34]</FONT>曹桂岑等:《淮阳县平粮台四号墓发掘简报》,《河南文博通讯》<FONT face="Times New Roman">1980</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>期。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>(作者单位:河北省文物研究所)</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>〔责任编辑:张金栋〕</P>
 楼主| 发表于 2006-1-31 02:44:25 | 显示全部楼层
<P>麻烦几位版主帮我看看放在兵甲版还是天工版合适。不合适就请转到其他版块,谢谢!</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-1-31 2:59:01编辑过]

头像被屏蔽
发表于 2006-1-31 15:57:40 | 显示全部楼层
<P>可以,不用转。应该感谢村夫兄发贴</P>[em01]
发表于 2006-2-5 13:53:27 | 显示全部楼层
好资料,谢楼主!
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