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[转帖]《孔雀东南飞》风俗事项考释

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发表于 2007-1-25 21:21:55 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<P align=center><FONT size=3>《孔雀东南飞》风俗事项考释</FONT></P>
<P align=center><FONT size=3>刘庆芳</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>内容提要<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>《孔雀东南飞》中的婚娶、休遣、再醮、游戏等风俗考释。</FONT></P>
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<P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>《孔雀东南飞》<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>或称《焦仲卿妻》<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>原为东汉建安末年民间歌曲<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>后经魏晋南北朝人修改加工<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>收入南朝陈徐陵所编《玉台新咏》<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>篇名作《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》。其首句为“孔雀东南飞”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>后人因以为题名。全诗共计<FONT face="Times New Roman">357</FONT>句<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>凡<FONT face="Times New Roman">1785</FONT>字。它不仅是古代少见的长篇叙事诗<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>古代文学作品中的名篇<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也有较高的风俗史料价值<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>能使后人窥见当时的政治、社会生活<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>尤期是妇女生活状况。了解当时的风俗事项<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>对于理解这篇中学语文传统课文是大有裨益的。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>《孔雀东南飞》涉及的风俗<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>主要有婚娶、休遣及再醮、游戏<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>个方面。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>一、婚娶</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>婚姻作为一种社会行为<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>自周代始便出现了比较完整的礼仪。据《礼记·昏义》记载<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>当时婚娶有以男方为主施行的所谓“六礼”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即纳采、问名、纳吉、纳徵、请期和亲迎。东汉以降<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>战乱频仍<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>社会动荡<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>生产力受到很大破坏<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>婚娶已不可能完完全全地按照“六礼”的规定进行<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但基本上保留了这几个步骤。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.</FONT>纳采</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>纳采<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即男家请媒人向女家提亲<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>女家答应议婚后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>再备礼正式求婚。《仪礼·士昏礼》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“昏礼<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>下达<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>纳采用雁。”用雁作为提亲礼物<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>盖古人以为雁这种鸟像鸳鸯一样爱情专一<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>象征着婚姻的完整与和谐。清胡培羽军《仪礼正义》云<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“用雁者<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>取其随时南北<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不失其节<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>明不夺女子之时也。又取飞成行<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>止成列<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>明嫁娶之礼长幼有序<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不相逾越也。”上引诸说不能说没有道理<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但均有未能戳破窗棂纸之憾。其实<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>雁即应<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>繁体字为“”<FONT face="Times New Roman">),</FONT>以雁为贽礼<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>乃请求女家应允婚事之意。此礼是狩猎时代的一种遗俗。雁是一种野禽<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>且为候鸟<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不便于随时取用<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>后世便演化为用鹅——驯化了的雁。鹅为水禽<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>北方干旱地区喂养无多<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>则逐渐以鸡代之。北方农村婚娶过程中的“抱鸡”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>今人多以为“鸡”取“吉”义<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>实乃只知其流而不知其源也。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>出于剪裁的需要<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>诗对刘兰芝和焦仲卿的婚姻过程未作叙述<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而刘兰芝被休后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“还家十余日<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>县令遣媒来……”“遣丞为媒人……”“媒人下床去……”等<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>说的就是纳采阶段。媒人是男女双方议婚的中介<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>其角色非常重要。《诗经·风·伐柯》中说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“娶妻如何<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>匪媒不得。”后因称为人做媒为“伐柯”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>或“作伐”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>称媒人为“伐柯人”。《管子·形势解》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“妇人之求夫家也<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>必用媒<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而后家事成……不用媒<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>则丑耻而人不信也。”意思是说<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不用媒人<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不仅要受到别人的耻笑<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>婚姻也难以成功。古人将“媒妁之言”与“父母之命”相提并论<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>足见对媒人的重视。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.</FONT>问名</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>问名<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即男家在纳采之后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>再请媒人去询问女方的姓名及出生年、月、日、时。施行这一步骤的目的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>一是看女方是否与男方同姓<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>二是看女方什么时候到法定婚龄<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>三是取得女方的生辰八字<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>为下一步“纳吉”做准备。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>关于同姓不婚。同姓不婚始见于周<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>周代以前的婚姻是没有异姓之限的。那么<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>为什么自周代始有了同姓不婚禁忌呢<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>最普通的说法是<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>同姓同血统<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>同血统的男女婚配<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>影响后代子孙的生育。《白虎通义》云<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“人所以有姓者何<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>所以崇恩爱、厚亲亲、远禽兽、别婚姻也。故纪世别类<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>使生相爱、死相哀<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>同姓不得相娶者<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>皆为重人伦也。姓者生也<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>人禀天气所以生者也”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“不娶同姓<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>娶同姓者一国同血脉<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>遂至无子孙。”血缘相近的男女婚配<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>会造成不育、怪胎或低能儿的出现<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>古人对这一现象是颇有认识的。《左传》中说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“男女同姓<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>其生不蕃”<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>《国语》亦称<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“同姓不婚<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>惧不殖也。”在我国<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>汉族、满族、蒙古族、彝族、白族等许多民族都有同姓不婚习俗。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>关于婚龄。汉惠帝六年<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>前<FONT face="Times New Roman">189</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>颁布诏令“女子年十五以上至三十不嫁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>五算。”算即人头税每人出一算<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>每算<FONT face="Times New Roman">120</FONT>钱。<FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT>以上至<FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT>岁不嫁的女子<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>则要出<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>算<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>可以说是比较严厉的惩罚了。西晋武帝为了增殖人口<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>发展生产力<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>于泰始九年<FONT face="Times New Roman">(27</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>颁令全国<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“女十七不嫁者<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>使长吏配之。”综上所述<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>汉至魏晋法定女子幼嫁年龄当在<FONT face="Times New Roman">15~17</FONT>岁之间。所以诗中说“十七为君妇”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“十七遣汝嫁”。刘兰芝原是个勤奋聪慧的女孩儿<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>甚得怜爱<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但到了<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>岁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也不得不出嫁了。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.</FONT>纳吉</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>纳吉<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即以男女双方的生辰八字占卜<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>取得吉兆后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>复备礼通知女家<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>决定缔结婚姻。《仪礼·士昏礼》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“纳吉用雁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>如纳采礼。”占卜仪式很是庄严肃重<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>须在宗庙里进行。后世演化为合八字。八字是中国迷信的一种<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>认为一个人出生的年、月、日、时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>各有天干地支相配<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>每项用两个字代替<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>便有了<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>个字<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>根据这<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>个字<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即可推算一个人的命运。将男女双方的八字合在一起<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>如属相生可成婚<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>如属相克有所谓的“冲犯”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>则不宜成婚。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.</FONT>纳徵</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>纳徵<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>又称纳币<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即于纳吉之后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>男家送聘礼至女家。郑玄注《仪礼·士昏礼》云<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“徵<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>成也<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>使使者纳币以成婚礼。”所纳之币包括<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>种东西<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>玄<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>黑色的衣物<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>、束帛<FONT face="Times New Roman">(5</FONT>匹丝织品<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>和俪皮<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>一对鹿皮<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>。汉代婚姻仪式基本上依循“六礼”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但也不是一成不变的及至魏晋南北朝时期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>变化就更大一些了。从史籍看<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>聘礼仍有衣物和丝织品<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>鹿皮则逐渐取消了<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>代之以钱。诗中“受母钱帛多”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>可证。刘兰芝再嫁时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>太守家“赍钱三百万<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>皆用青丝穿。杂彩三百匹<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>交广市鲑珍”——所送聘礼是现金、丝织品和食物。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>两家缔结秦晋之好<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>男家向女家送聘礼<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>女家也适当地备具礼物送给男家。另外<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>一般于纳徵之后女方父母即为女儿准备妆奁。妆奁又称嫁奁、嫁妆多为床帐、衣物、首饰、箱笼、器皿等物<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>数量与质量多由女家依经济情况而定。刘兰芝嫁给焦家时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>有“箱帘六七十”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“物物各自异”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>有“四角垂香囊”的红罗帐<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>有“葳自生光”的绣腰襦<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>可以想见<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>其家庭是比较富裕的。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3>定了婚的女性<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>还要亲自动手裁制衣物<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>为自己<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也为新郎或男家的其他成员。古时女性自幼学习女红<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>刘兰芝“十三能织素<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>十四学裁衣”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“左手持刀尺<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>右手执绫罗。朝成绣夹裙<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>晚成单罗衫”。汉至魏晋南北朝时期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>盛行看新妇、闹新房习俗。《汉书·地理志》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“嫁娶之夕<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>男女无别<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>反以为荣。”《梁书·徐传》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“晋宋以来<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>初婚三日妇见舅姑<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>众宾皆列观。”俗话说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“新婚三日无大小。”这种习俗至今仍在广大农村留有痕迹。看新妇、闹新房时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>参观品评女家的妆奁和新妇的女红<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是一项重要内容。</FONT></P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-1-26 1:42:59编辑过]

 楼主| 发表于 2007-1-25 21:22:31 | 显示全部楼层
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5.</FONT>请期</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">请期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即男家纳徵之后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>择定婚期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>备礼请媒人告诉给女家<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>求其同意。《仪礼·士昏礼》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“请期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>用雁。主人辞<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>宾许告期。如纳徵礼。”郑玄注<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“夫家必先卜之<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>得吉日<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>乃使使者往辞<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即告之。”结婚要选择好日子<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>要年、月、日的干支都相适合<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>这就需要翻检历书。因年、月、日的干支都由两个字组成<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>合起来共<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>个字<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>所以称之为“六合”。太守“视历复开书”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>认为“便利此月内<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>六合正相应”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>于是又请郡丞“去成婚”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>反映的就是“请期”阶段的活动。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">关于结婚时间。古人的婚礼通常安排在什么季节呢<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>诗中有“往昔初阳岁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>谢家来贵门”句。课文编者将“初阳岁”释为“农历冬至以后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>立春以前”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不当。我们知道<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>在上古时期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>生育繁衍可以增强与大自然抗争的力量<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>可以增强氏族、部落的势力<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>因而古人非常看重人类自身生产<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>曾有过生殖崇拜风俗。经过祖祖辈辈的观察<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>人们总结了一条规律<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>每到春天<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>冰雪消融<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>草木萌生<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>动物发情。于是<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>就把结婚时令安排在春天。《周礼·地官·媒氏》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“仲春之月<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>令会男女。”因此把二月称为“昏月”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即婚月——适合结婚的月令。<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="闻一多">闻一多</st1:PersonName>先生在其《乐府诗笺》中说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“初阳岁疑为春日。《风·七月篇》曰<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>‘春日载阳’。自古多以春日为婚娶之候。《白虎通·嫁娶篇》曰<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>‘嫁娶必以春<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>何<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>春者<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>天地交通<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>万物始生<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>阴阳交接之时也。’”此说甚是。如按课文解释<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“冬至以后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>立春以前”处于小寒、大寒节令<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>正是一年中最冷的一段时间。这时“三九四九凌上走”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>到处雪盖冰封<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>刘兰芝再嫁时怎能“举身赴清池”呢<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>至于“今日大风</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">寒<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>寒风摧树木<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>严霜结庭兰”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即使舍弃诗歌中常用的夸张手法不说<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>按写实来论<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也是通于情理的。春天尤其是初春<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>常刮料峭之风<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>用现代气象术语说<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即寒潮南下<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>民间亦有“桃花雪”、“倒春寒”之说。兰花本生于南方<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>在长江以北养植<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>冬天须搬进室内或置于暖棚中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而诗中的兰花是放在庭即院子里的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>证明已经不是冬天了。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6.</FONT>亲迎</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">亲迎<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即新婿亲自到女家迎娶。婚姻过程的前<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>项为议婚和定婚<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>都是过渡阶段<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>唯亲迎算是婚礼。因而古时视亲迎为主要程序<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>予以特别重视。《诗经·大雅·大明》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“亲迎于渭。”说的是周文王不辞劳苦<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>长途跋涉至渭河边迎娶太姒的事。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">前面说了古人结婚的节令<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>还有没有更具体的时间规定呢<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>《说文》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“婚<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>妇家也。《礼》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>娶妇以昏时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>故曰婚。”郑玄注《周礼》说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“古娶妻之礼<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>以昏为期。”结婚要在黄昏时进行<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>盖起源于原始社会的掠夺婚。掠夺婚又名“抢劫婚”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即一部落的男子到另一部落里去抢劫女性<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>用来充作妻子。既为“抢劫”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>那么<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>最佳时间当然是黑夜了。这种婚姻习俗约产生于群婚向个体婚过渡时期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>曾在少数民族地区长期残存。《说文》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“娶<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>取妇也。”取<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即抢夺之意。随着社会的进步<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>后来演化为模拟性象征性的抢劫。《仪礼》中说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>娶妇时“主人爵弁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>绘裳缁衣。从者毕玄端<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>乘黑车”——全副的黑色装备<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>将新娘迎到家后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>还要在黑色帐篷里举行婚礼<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>这些都是掠夺婚的<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>遗。诗中“其日牛马嘶”句<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>课文释为“<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>结婚<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>这天牛马乱叫的时候”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不妥。因为牛马嘶叫没有规律<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不能表示一定的时刻。其实<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“其日牛马嘶<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>新妇入青庐”是一个因果倒装句。引起牛马乱叫的原因<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是“新妇入青庐”——役使了一天的牛马本来正在刍嚼休息<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是迎新妇抵家门的喧闹声打扰了它们。昏夜娶亲的习俗<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>什么时候发生了变化呢<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>《酉阳杂俎》称<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“在婚礼必用昏<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>以其阳往而阴来也。今行礼于晓。”《酉阳杂俎》的作者段成式<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>生活在唐朝末叶。由此可见<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>到了唐代<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>迎新妇由昏夜改为了拂晓。拂晓<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>天快亮的时候<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>仍没有摆脱黑夜的影子。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"> </P>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-1-25 21:23:14 | 显示全部楼层
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt">二、休遣与再醮</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.</FONT>七出</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">自父权制代替母权制以后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>妇女的地位越来越低。在甲骨文和金文中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“女”字像一个跪在地上的人<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“妇”字则为左女右帚<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>《说文》释为“从女<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>持扫帚洒扫也”。女子嫁人为妻<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即以夫家为家<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而一旦离婚则须离家而去<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>所以叫做“出”。为使丈夫出妻合法化<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>周代出现了“七出”之制<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也称“七去”、“七弃”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即丈夫休弃妻子的<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>种理由。《仪礼·丧服》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“出妻之子为母。”贾公彦疏<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“七出者<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>无子<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>一也<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>淫氵失<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>二也<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>不事舅姑<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>三也<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>口舌<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>四也<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>盗窃<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>五也<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>妒忌<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>六也<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>恶疾<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>七也。”《大戴礼记·本命》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“妇有七去<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不顺父母去<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>无子去<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>淫去<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>妒去<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>有恶疾去<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>多言去<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>窃盗去。”丈夫可以其中任何一条为借口<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>命妻子离去。其实<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>有时出妻并非出于丈夫的意愿<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而决定于丈夫父母的好恶。《礼记·内则》中说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“子甚宜其妻<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>父母不悦<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>出。”——儿子和媳妇感情很好<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但是只要父母不高兴<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也照样休弃。《孔雀东南飞》中刘兰芝与焦仲卿的婚姻悲剧<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>正是这种情况。炮制“七出”的目的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>在于强化封建宗法制度<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>巩固夫权<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>更着重于巩固家长制。从诗中可以看出<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>焦刘二人结婚两三年来感情是很好的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是一对情深意笃的鸳鸯。焦仲卿为了不使妻子被遣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>诚恳地劝说母亲<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>甚至长跪不起<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>以不再娶要挟<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但终未能奏效。而焦母休遣刘兰芝的理由<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>仅仅是“举动自专由”。从汉代起<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“七出”就载于律令之中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>对当时及后世的婚姻生活产生了极大的影响。它作为法律赋予男子及其家庭单方面的特权<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>又缺乏明细的界限<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>因</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">而两千年来导演了许许多多的婚姻家庭悲剧。曹植有感于时弊<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>写出了有名的《出妇赋》<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>生动地刻画了一位被休弃妇女的形象<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>反映了汉魏时期男女在婚姻方面不平等的社会状况。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.</FONT>再醮古时男女婚嫁时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>父母给他们酌酒以祭神<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>这种仪式叫做“醮”。故男子再娶或女子再嫁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>都可以称为“再醮”。后世专指妇女再嫁。男子可以停妻再娶<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>可以在妻子之外置姬纳妾<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">封建帝王甚至拥有三宫六院七十二嫔妃<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>宫娥彩女成千上万<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>却要求女子从一而终。这种现象是从宋代愈演愈烈的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>宋代以前妇女改嫁是比较常见的现象。秦汉时期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>由于统治者的提倡<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>社会上对贞节的要求一度由宽泛变得严格起来。尤其是董仲舒提出了“夫为妻纲”等三纲五常之说<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>把妻子置于丈夫的绝对统治之下<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>刘向编撰《列女传》<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>进一步强调“妇人无擅制之义<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而有三从之道<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>”班昭作《女诫》<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>则更明确地阐述了“三从”<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>未嫁从父<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>既嫁从夫<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>夫死从子<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>之道和“四德”<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>妇德、妇言、妇容、妇功<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>之仪<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>使束缚妇女的理论系统化。尽管在这样的形势下<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>对妇女再嫁也还是允许的。西汉时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>卓王孙之女<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="卓文">卓文</st1:PersonName>君夜奔才子司马相如<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>朱买臣早年家贫<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>妻子受不了这种苦<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>朱买臣就让她去了<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>和别人成了婚。从史书记载看<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>当时人们对她们的举动都是称赞的。东汉时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>《胡笳十八拍》的作者蔡琰<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>次嫁人<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>并没有被人看不起<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>光武帝刘秀身为一<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="国之">国之</st1:PersonName>君<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>主动劝守寡的姐姐湖阳公主改嫁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>并从中撮合。汉代以后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“天下贱守节”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>把妇女改嫁看作平常之事。曹操临死前<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>把妻妾们召集到榻旁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>嘱咐她们<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“顾我万年之后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>汝曹皆当出嫁。”“礼不下庶人。”上层人物这样<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>及至中层吏绅甚或老百姓<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>就更可想而知了。曹魏时期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>曾多次征发各地寡妇<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>配给军士为妻<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>以使其安心于军旅。南北朝时不少国家也纷纷效法<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>继续采用这种措施。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">在上述背景下<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>刘兰芝再醮是寻常之举。所以<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>被驱遣回娘家<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>尽管她自己觉得“惭”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>“进退无颜仪”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但并没有受到蔑视和非议。“还家十余日”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>就有媒人登门为县令的儿子求婚<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>县令所遣媒人“去数日”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>太守又请郡丞来说亲。从太守家急于结婚的表现和纳徵礼仪看<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>聘娶再醮之妇如迎幼嫁之女。刘母辞谢媒人<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也只是从修养、能力方面说女儿的不足<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>“不堪吏人妇<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>岂合令<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="郎">郎</st1:PersonName>君”<FONT face="Times New Roman">),</FONT>只是从出身方面说自己女儿与别人家女儿的差别<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>“说有兰家女<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>承籍有宦官”<FONT face="Times New Roman">),</FONT>并没有因被休而自卑之意。总之<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>在汉代至南北朝时期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>人们是不鄙视妇女再嫁的。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">男女婚配听凭父母之命、媒妁之言由来已久<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>于女性则有“嫁鸡随鸡<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>嫁狗随狗<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>嫁条扁担抱着走”之俗谚。但这是对第一次出嫁<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>即幼嫁<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>来说的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>如果是再嫁<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>当事人则有了一定的自主权。当县令托媒人来给其三少爷议婚时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>母亲对兰芝说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“汝可去应之。”兰芝哭诉了与焦仲卿的情意及海誓山盟<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>母亲也动了心<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>没让女儿出面<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即婉言谢绝了。复有太守请郡丞作伐<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>给其儿子议婚<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>刘母左右为难<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“女子先有誓<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>老姥岂敢言<FONT face="Times New Roman">!</FONT>”刘兰芝最终答应了与太守之子结婚<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>实是出于对“性情暴如雷”的哥哥的无奈。民谚“幼嫁从亲<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>再嫁从身”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>便是对这一风俗的概括。</P>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-1-25 21:23:53 | 显示全部楼层
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt">三、游戏</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">汉代妇女每年有一定的休闲时间。在这些时间里<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>她们欢聚在一起<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>做各种游戏<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>尽情地玩耍。刘兰芝在被迫离开焦家前<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>嘱咐小姑“初七及下九<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>嬉戏莫相忘”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即此。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.</FONT>初七</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">课文注释将“初七”指为<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="True" Day="19" Month="8" Year="2007">农历七月七日</st1:chsdate><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>说“旧时妇女在这天晚上乞巧<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>用针做各种游戏<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>”。此说当本南朝梁宗廪《荆楚岁时记》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="7" Month="7" Year="2007">七月七日</st1:chsdate>为牵牛织女聚会之夜。是夕<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>人家妇女结彩缕<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>穿七孔针<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>或以金银玉石为针<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>陈瓜果于庭中以乞巧。”笔者认为<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>说“初七”为<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="7" Month="7" Year="2007">七月七日</st1:chsdate><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是颇值得商榷的。疑与“下九”一样<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>古代妇女休闲游戏的“初七”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>每月有一个。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">从句式看。“初七”与“下九”属于对举<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是并列关系<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不能想象古人把一年一度的<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="7" Month="7" Year="2007">七月七日</st1:chsdate>与每年<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>个十九日相提并论。如果相提并论<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>同日而语<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>那就颇有些概念不清的意味了。从用字看。凡诗歌中用两个字表示牛郎织女鹊桥相会时间者<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>均用“七夕”。如李商隐《马嵬》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“此日六军同驻马<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>当时七夕笑牵牛。”杜甫《牵牛织女》:“牵牛出河西<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>织女处其东。万古永相望<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>七夕谁见同<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>”和凝《宫词》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“阑珊星光缀珠光<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>七夕宫嫔乞巧忙。”用“<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="True" Day="19" Month="8" Year="2007">七月初七</st1:chsdate>”者亦有<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>如白居易《长恨歌》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="7" Month="7" Year="2007">七月七日</st1:chsdate>长生殿<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>夜半无人私语时。”《荆楚岁时记》引傅玄《拟天问》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="7" Month="7" Year="2007">七月七日</st1:chsdate><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>牛郎织女会天河。”——“七日”之前冠以“七月”<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>主要目的是不致产生歧义</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">如果《孔雀东南飞》中的“初七”专指<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="7" Month="7" Year="2007">七月七日</st1:chsdate><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>那为什么不用“七夕”呢<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT>用“七夕”于字数正合<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>意义岂不更明确<FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT></P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">这首诗歌辗转吟唱、传抄了近<FONT face="Times New Roman">400</FONT>年<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>若有概念不清之微瑕<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>在传唱的过程中一定会琢磨的。《玉台新咏》是最早收录此诗的书籍<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>据《陈史》载<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>其编篡者徐陵为端人<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>做事一丝不苟<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>若有此显而易见之瑕疵<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>他也会捉笔修饰的。其实<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>古代妇女于初七休闲玩耍<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>并不仅限于七月间的向织女乞巧求智。据《岁时记》载<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“人日<FONT face="Times New Roman">,(</FONT>妇女<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>以七种菜为羹<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>剪彩为花胜以相遗。”人日<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>为<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="True" Day="24" Month="2" Year="2007">农历正月初七日</st1:chsdate>。《北史·魏收传》引晋议郎董勋《答问礼俗说》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="True" Day="18" Month="2" Year="2007">正月一日</st1:chsdate>为鸡<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>二日为狗<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>三日为猪<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>四日为羊<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>五日为牛<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>六日为马<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>七日为人<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>八日为谷。”笔者曾于近年目睹鲁中山区农村妇女于正月初七聚会祀神的情景。她们各家各户凑份子<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>买来猪肉、整鸡香烛等物<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>把烧纸剪成冥钞<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>用金银箔叠为元宝。把这些供品摆放在通衢道口<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>燃放鞭炮<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>跪拜祭奠<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>祈求玉皇大帝和火神保佑这一方人无灾无难<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>平安长寿。然后围坐在一起<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>痛痛快快地喝酒吃饭。其他月份初七妇女游戏的资料和风俗遗存<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>笔者目前尚未掌握<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但这些已能证实<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>初七为节<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>一年之中不止一个<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="True" Day="19" Month="8" Year="2007">七月初七</st1:chsdate>了。</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.</FONT>下九</P><P 0cm 0cm 0pt">下九<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>古时称每月十九日。宋无名氏《兰采杂志》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“古人以二十九日为上九<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>初九日为中九<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>十九日为下九。每月下九<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>置酒为妇女之欢……女子于是夜为藏钩诸戏<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>以待月明<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>至有忘寐而达曙者。”伊世珍《琅记》中解释说<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“九为阳数……每月下九置酒为妇女之饮<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>名为阳会。盖妇女阴也<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>以待阳成。”藏钩之戏始自西汉中叶<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>至东汉末臻于盛致。邯郸淳《艺经》称<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“饮祭之后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>叟妪儿童为藏钩之戏<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>分为二曹<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>以较胜负。”这种游戏出自宫中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是从皇宫禁苑传入民间的。据《汉武故事》载<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>“钩弋夫人少时手拳<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>帝披其手<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>得一玉钩<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>手得展<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>故因为藏钩之戏。后人效之。”“拳”通“蜷”。手指蜷曲不能伸展<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>或为先天之疾<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>断无披手得钩之理。然说藏钩之戏源于宫中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是可以相信的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>因为民间风俗可以传入宫中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>宫中所行也可能流为民俗。</P>
发表于 2007-1-25 22:09:59 | 显示全部楼层
楼主很有研究嘛!不错
发表于 2007-1-25 22:19:59 | 显示全部楼层
请广大网友都注意一下:发文时,如果是转帖,就请清楚地标明“转帖”,并说明作者和出处;如果是原创,也务请标明,好的原创是天汉非常欢迎的,以方便加精操作。
发表于 2007-1-25 22:47:10 | 显示全部楼层
<P>顶</P>
发表于 2007-1-26 18:37:07 | 显示全部楼层
[em17][em17][em17][em17]
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