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发表于 2005-11-17 23:31:29
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[转帖]不拘一格说便服
<P 0pt? 0cm>元明时期的男子日常家居也穿袍衫<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>根据袍衫的不同形制<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>定有各种不同的名称<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>常见的有直裰、道袍、曳(衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>散)、裙子等。<FONT face="Times New Roman">
</FONT><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> 直裰也作<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>直掇<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>早在宋代已经出现<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>一般以素布为之<FONT face="Times New Roman">, </FONT>对襟大袖,衣缘四周镶有黑边<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>最初多用作僧人和道士之服。如宋赵彥卫《云麓漫钞》谓<FONT face="Times New Roman">:"</FONT>古之中衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即今僧寺行者直掇。<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>苏辙《答孔平仲惠蕉布诗》:<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>更得双蕉缝直掇,都人浑作道人看<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>从苏辙的诗句中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>可知在当时文人中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也有穿直裰的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>只是在世人眼中,这种服装仍为僧侣之服。到了元明时期,直裰的形制有所变异,通常用纱縠、绫罗、绸缎及苎麻织物制成<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>大襟交领<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>下长过膝。多用于士庶男子。《儒林外史》第二十二回<FONT face="Times New Roman">:"</FONT>忽见楼梯上又走上两个戴方巾的秀才来<FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT>前面的一个穿一件茧绸直裰<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>胸前油了一块<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>后面一个穿一件元色直裰<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>两个袖子破得晃晃荡荡的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>走了上来。<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>说的正是这种服装。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>道袍本来也是释道之服<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>元明之时广泛用于士庶男子。也以绫罗绸缎为之<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>单、夹、绒、棉各惟其时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>通常采用大襟、交领、两袖宽博,下长过膝。冯梦龙《醒世恒言·陆五汉硬留合色鞋》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:"(</FONT>张荩<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>自己打扮起来<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>头戴一顶时样绉纱巾<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>身穿着银红吴绫道袍。<p><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> <FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>《古今小说·陈御史巧勘金钗钿》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:"</FONT>只见一个卖布的客人<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>头上带一顶新孝头巾<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>身穿旧白布道袍<FONT face="Times New Roman">,"</FONT>指的都是这种衣服。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> <p></FONT><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> 曳(衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>散)<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>一撤<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>也是袍衫之类的服装。一般用纱罗苎丝制成<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>大襟<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>长袖<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>衣身前后形制不一<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>后者制为整片<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>前者则分为两截:腰部以上与后片相同<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>以下则折有细裥<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>裥在两侧<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>中间留有空隙。明王世贞《觚不觚录》谓<FONT face="Times New Roman">:"</FONT>衣中断<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>其下有横摺<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而下复竖摺之<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>若袖长则为曳撒。说的就是这种服装。元明时多用作士庶便服。据说明代南京有一个名叫寇天叙的官吏<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>对当时朝廷权贵的巧取强夺颇为不满<FONT face="Times New Roman">,"</FONT>每日带小帽、穿一撒坐堂。<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>即便是权势显赫的江彬派人来索取钱物<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>他也佯为不知<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>假装糊涂。直到那些差官进入朝堂<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>寇天叙才起身叹道:南京百姓实在太穷<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>仓库空虚<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>没有钱财<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>要不然我怎么会穿著这身<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>小衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>坐衙办公呢<FONT face="Times New Roman">?"</FONT>小衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>有两种含意:一是指便服<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>有别于行礼时所穿的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>大衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>另一指人们的内衣、短裤。现在有些文史工具书在诠释<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>一撒<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>这种服装时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>往往根据寇天叙所说的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>小衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>将其说成是内衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>并认为他只穿一条短裤坐堂视事<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>其实那是一种误解<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>寇天叙穿的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>一撤<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>就是<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>曳撒<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>它是士庶男子的一种便衣。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>褶子也是明代男子的常用便服。其式或用交领<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>或用圆领<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>两袖宽大<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>下长盖膝。腰部以下折有细裥<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>状如女裙<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不分尊卑<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>均可穿著<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>尤以官吏、士人所穿为多。明无名氏《天水冰山录》记严蒿被查抄的金银细软中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>就有油绿绢褶子<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>件<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>绿褶子<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>件<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>玉色罗褶子<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>件<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>蓝纱褶子<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>件及蓝紬褶子<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>件。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>《金瓶梅词话》<FONT face="Times New Roman">79</FONT>回<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>写西门庆外出时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,"</FONT>身穿紫羊绒褶子<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>围着风领<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>骑在马上<FONT face="Times New Roman">,"</FONT>反映了当时习俗。直到今天<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>传统戏曲服装中仍保留着这一名称<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>通常用于小生<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>只是形制有些变化。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>上述便服都是长衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>古代男女日常家居除穿长衣外<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>有时也穿短衣。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>襦是最常用的短衣。<p><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> 《礼记·内则》:童子十年<FONT face="Times New Roman">,"</FONT>出就外傅<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>居宿于外<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>学书计<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>衣不帛襦銙。<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>许慎《说文·衣部》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:"</FONT>襦<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>短衣也。<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>在东汉前,男女均著<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>东汉后则主要用于妇女<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>既可用作衬衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>又可穿出在外。其制有长短、单夹之别<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>长者不过膝下<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>短者仅至腰间<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>夹襦之中有时还可以纳入绵絮<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即后世棉袄的前身。汉魏时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>一般多用大襟<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>衣襟右掩;衣袖则有宽窄两种。至隋唐时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>襦的式样又有变化<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>除大襟外<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>更多采用对襟<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>穿时将衣襟敞开<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不用钮带<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>下摆部分则束于裙内。衣袖则以窄袖为主<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>袖长大多至腕<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也有长过手腕者<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>唐人《纨扇仕女图》中有所反映。<p><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> 唐代以后<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>历经宋元明清各代<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>一直用作妇女便服。直到清代中期<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>因为袄的流行<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>其制渐绝。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>袄是从襦衍变出来的一种短衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>衣长大多到人体的胯部<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>以质地厚实的织物制成为多<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>大襟窄袖<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>缀有衬里<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>所以也称<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>夹袄<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>。若在其中纳以絮棉<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>则称<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>棉袄<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>。这是士庶男女的常用冬衣。白居易《新制绫袄成感而有咏》诗:<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>水波文袄造新成<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>绫软绵匀温复轻<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>咏的就是这种冬衣。袄的出现<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>大约在魏晋南北朝时<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>宋代以后广为流行<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>到了清代<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>几乎成了士庶妇女的主要便服<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>使用时和裙子相配。《红楼梦》中就有不少记叙。如<FONT face="Times New Roman">24</FONT>回:<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>宝玉坐在床沿上<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>褪了鞋<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>等靴子穿的功夫<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>回头见鸳鸯穿着水红绫子袄儿<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>青缎子坎肩<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>。晚清时袄的形制又有变异<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>除短袄外<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>还出现了一种长袄<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>下长盖膝。民国妇女受西洋<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>曲线美<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>的影响<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>为了体现柔美的身姿<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>又将袄的长度恢复到胯部以上地位。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>襦袄虽然是短衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>但都采用长袖<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>古代男女便服中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也有用短袖衣的。汉魏时流行的绣裙<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>就是一种短袖之衣。其制为大襟<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>交领<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>袖口宽敞<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>并装饰有漂亮的衣边。因为短袖衣的衣袖为长袖衣之半<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>所以汉魏时将短袖衣称之为<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>半袖<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>魏明帝见杨阜时所穿的便服<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>就是<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>缭纵半袖<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>。唐宋时称半袖为<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>半臂<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>。天宝年间<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>安禄山深得玄宗皇帝的恩宠<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>被封为范阳节度使<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>执掌今北京一带的军政大权。为了抚慰这位杨贵妃的<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>义子<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>,唐玄宗常常亲赐给他各种衣物,其中就有半臂。<p><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> <FONT face="Times New Roman">" </FONT>半袖的半臂和袖长,通常都在上臂,唐代还有一种短袖之衣,两袖之短仅能掩住肩膀,前后不开衣襟,著时由颈部套下,一般罩在长袖衣外,下与腰齐。这种服装名叫<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>(衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>盍)裆<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>,唐人小说《崔小玉传》中的女主人公霍小玉平时就穿着这种(衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>盍)裆。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> <p></FONT><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> 比(衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>盍)裆更简便的短衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>那就是背心了。背心也称<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>裲裆<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>背褡<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>被搭<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>本来专用作衬里<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>是一种内衣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>魏晋以后开始被穿出在外<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>加罩在其它服装外面。后来<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也有直接穿着背心<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>里面不另衬衣服的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>多见于士庶男子。当然<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>这种情况只适宜于夏季。据记载<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>宋代在街市上叫卖的商贩<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>夏日就常穿著这种背心。我们从宋代风俗画卷《清明上河图》中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>还可看到这些穿着背心的人物。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>清代背心也叫<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>坎肩<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>除了单层的外<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>还有夹层的<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>丝绵的和皮里的。<p><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> 《红楼梦》第<FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>回写黛玉服饰<FONT face="Times New Roman">:"</FONT>身上穿着月白绣花小毛皮袄<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>加上银鼠坎肩<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>即指此。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>在清代坎肩中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>最有特点的是一种名叫<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>巴图鲁坎肩<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>的背心<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>通常以厚实的质料制成<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>中纳絮绵<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>或缀以皮里<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>其制多被制成胸背两片<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>长不过腰<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>衣襟既不是直开<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>也不是斜开<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而是横开于前片胸间<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>上钉钮扣<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>粒<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>左右两掖也各钉钮扣<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>粒<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>合为<FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT>粒<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>因此也称<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>一字襟马甲<FONT face="Times New Roman">",</FONT>或称<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>十三太保<FONT face="Times New Roman">";</FONT>最初多为武士骑马时所著<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>衬在袍衫之内<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>作为御寒之服。<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>巴图鲁<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>即为满语<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>勇士<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>的意思。如果觉得身热<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>则可以从外衣领襟处探手将钮扣解开而脱下<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不需要解开外衣。后来这种背心传到了民间<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>大受人们欢迎<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>不分男女均喜著之<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>并且从内衣变成了外衣。<p><p><P 0pt? 0cm><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></P><p><P 0pt? 0cm> 《清碑类钞·服饰》<FONT face="Times New Roman">:"</FONT>京师盛行巴图鲁坎肩儿,各部司员见堂宫<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>往往服之<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>上加缨帽。南方呼为<FONT face="Times New Roman">''</FONT>一字襟马甲<FONT face="Times New Roman">'',</FONT>例须用皮者<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>衬于袍套之中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>觉暖<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>即自探手<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>解上排钮扣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>而令仆代解两旁钮扣<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>曳之而出<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>借免更换之劳。后且单夹棉纱一律风行矣。<FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT>目前在南北各地的博物馆及收藏者中<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>仍有这种坎肩实物的遗存。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> <p></FONT><p> |
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